Cannabis Knowledge – Cannabinoids, Terpenes & Basics

Tissue Culture: Cannabis Genetics in the Laboratory

Tissue culture in cannabis, also known as plant tissue culture or in vitro culture, offers a modern biotechnological approach. Whereas propagation through cannabis seeds can produce new genetic combinations, tissue culture allows small parts of a selected cannabis plant to be cultivated and multiplied under controlled, aseptic laboratory conditions. The method has been used in plant biotechnology for decades, but cannabis presents particular challenges because individual genotypes respond differently.

Sinsemilla: cannabis flowers without seeds

Sinsemilla refers to seedless female cannabis flowers in which successful fertilization, and therefore seed development, has not occurred. The term comes from the Spanish sin semilla, literally “without seeds”. It does not describe a separate strain or subspecies, but rather the seedless condition and development of the flowers. The term is rooted in botanical processes as well as an important chapter in international cannabis history.

Male plants: flowers, pollen & breeding

A male cannabis plant produces pollen-bearing flowers and serves as the pollen donor in sexual reproduction. Its pollen enables the fertilisation of female flowers and the creation of new plant generations. Yet male cannabis plants are much more than pollen donors: in cannabis breeding they play an important role in passing on genetic traits and maintaining genetic diversity.

Cannabichromene (CBC): Overview & Facts

CBC is often classified as a so-called minor cannabinoid because it occurs in many cannabis samples at substantially lower concentrations than the dominant cannabinoids THC or THCA and CBD or CBDA. “Minor” does not mean that CBC is insignificant to plant biochemistry. Its formation clearly illustrates how different cannabinoid pathways can emerge from a common biosynthetic starting point.

Cannabinol (CBN): Research and properties

Cannabinol, or CBN for short, is a cannabinoid that usually occurs in cannabis only in relatively small amounts and is chemically closely related to THC. A distinctive feature of CBN is how it forms: according to current knowledge, it is not produced through an established dedicated synthase pathway like THCA or CBDA, but arises primarily through oxidative changes in THC-related cannabinoids.

The history of the legendary Thai Sticks

Thai Sticks are among the most legendary cannabis products of the 1970s. At the time, high-quality cannabis from Thailand crossed the Pacific to North America, where it gained an extraordinary reputation. Stories of enormous potency, adventurous trade routes and buds allegedly treated with opium eventually turned Thai Stick into a myth that lives on to this day. Behind the legend, however, lies a well-documented history.

Trichomes: Structure, Development & Maturity

When a cannabis flower is examined under magnification, countless tiny structures can be seen, many with clearly visible heads. These are the trichomes of the cannabis plant. They are particularly conspicuous on female flowers, where they create the characteristic sparkling coating. But trichomes are more than a visual feature: certain glandular trichomes produce and store numerous plant compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes.

THCA: Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid, Differences from THC

THCA is the abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. It is a naturally occurring acidic cannabinoid in the cannabis plant and the direct precursor of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or Δ9-THC for short. The key difference lies in the chemical structure: compared with Δ9-THC, THCA has an additional carboxyl group. When this group is split off, Δ9-THC is formed with the release of carbon dioxide (CO₂).

CBDA: Cannabidiolic Acid, Differences from CBD

CBDA is the abbreviation for cannabidiolic acid. It is a naturally occurring phytocannabinoid in the cannabis plant and the acidic precursor of CBD. When you think of CBD, it may seem obvious that the plant produces this cannabinoid directly in large amounts. In fact, cannabis initially produces many important cannabinoids predominantly in their acidic form. In CBD-rich plants, CBDA is therefore a central component of the original cannabinoid profile.

Anatomy: Structure and parts of the cannabis plant

The structure of cannabis can basically be divided into the underground root system and the above-ground part with the stem, side shoots, leaves and later the flowers. Below ground, the main and lateral roots anchor the plant in the substrate and absorb water and mineral nutrients. Above the substrate, the main stem forms the central shoot axis. Leaves, buds and side shoots, among other structures, develop at its nodes, the junction points of the shoot. The sections between two nodes are called internodes...

CBD Explained Simply: Effects, Differences from THC

CBD is short for cannabidiol. The substance belongs to the phytocannabinoids, the natural constituents produced in the cannabis plant. Particularly high concentrations occur in specially selected CBD-dominant chemovars. In fresh plant material, cannabidiol is initially present mainly in the form of its acidic precursor CBDA...

What Is THC? Effects, Risks & THC Seeds

THC is the common abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinol. When people refer to THC in general, they usually mean delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). It is one of the naturally occurring phytocannabinoids in the cannabis plant and is mainly responsible for the characteristic intoxicating effects of cannabis. However, the plant does not produce large amounts of neutral THC from the outset. In fresh flowers and leaves, the cannabinoid is present primarily as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA)...

CBG Explained: Formation, Properties and Current Research

CBG is the abbreviation for cannabigerol. The compound belongs to the phytocannabinoids, natural compounds that are formed primarily in the glandular hairs of the cannabis plant. Compared with THC, THCV or CBD, neutral CBG is generally present only in relatively small amounts in many fully mature plants grown from cannabis seeds...

Storing marijuana properly – preserving its flavour & effects

Good storage cannot stop the natural aging process. However, it can slow it down significantly and prevent flowers from drying out too quickly, developing a musty smell, or losing a large part of their aroma. Storage should only begin once drying and fermentation or curing are complete. An airtight container is not recommended for “finishing the drying” of still-moist flowers. If plant material that is too wet is sealed, an unfavorable microclimate develops and the risk of mold increases...

What Is THCV? Effects, Meaning - Differences from THC

THCV is short for tetrahydrocannabivarin. The compound belongs to the phytocannabinoids, meaning cannabinoid-like substances found in plants grown from cannabis seeds Although its name and molecular framework resemble delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THCV is not a pharmacologically interchangeable substitute for THC. The key difference lies in the molecule’s side chain: THCV has a propyl chain with three carbon atoms, while THC has a pentyl chain with five carbon atoms.

How to successfully germinate old seeds

Anyone who has ever tried to germinate old cannabis seeds, chili seeds, or rare seeds from an old box, a refrigerator compartment, or a long-stored collection knows the problem: some seeds open after just a few days, others remain unchanged for weeks, and some form a tiny taproot but then immediately stop again. This is especially frustrating with rare genetics, old hemp seeds, chili seeds, limited varieties, or exotic plants that cannot simply be bought again.

Hemp Plants - Opportunities & Benefits

Hemp plants, also known as cannabis plants, have been closely connected to human history for thousands of years. The versatile use of Cannabis Sativa (its botanical name) spans numerous cultures, industries, and applications. From medical benefits and sustainable industrial production to environmentally friendly building materials, hemp offers an impressive range of possibilities. To understand the current and future uses of hemp plants, it is essential to take a closer look at their historical significance.

A Brief History of Cannabis and Hemp

Cannabis flowers have a truly fascinating history spanning thousands of years, from their use in ancient cultures to their modern role in medicine and recreational use. Let us dive into the rich history of cannabis, one of the most remarkable plants with so many positive aspects and benefits. The origins of cannabis flowers and cannabis seeds date back to the ancient cultures of China and India. There, the plant was used not only for medicinal purposes but also for ritualistic and spiritual practices. In India, cannabis was considered sacred and associated with the god Shiva, while in China it was used in traditional medicine.

Cannabis Growth Stages: A Guide

Cannabis does not grow in one single straight leap from seed to harvest. The plant passes through distinct stages, and each stage has its own rhythm. Some phases feel slower, such as the first few days as a seedling, so growers should never become impatient.

Other phases seem to move much faster, especially during vegetative growth or the early flowering stretch. When you know which stage the plant is currently in, it becomes much easier to understand what looks normal, what is going wrong, and what is likely to happen next.

How to identify the sex of a cannabis plant

Identifying male and female cannabis plants is one of the most important fundamentals of cultivation when working with regular cannabis seeds. Male plants produce pollen, while female plants develop the flowers that almost every grower ultimately wants to harvest.

This Canna Wiki guide explains how to identify male cannabis plants, how to recognize female cannabis plants, what hermaphrodite cannabis plants look like, and when the plants’ sexual characteristics typically begin to appear.

THC isn’t everything – terpenes explained quickly and easily

THC matters, but it does not explain the flavor or aroma of cannabis. It also does not fully explain why two strains or products with similar THC levels can feel surprisingly different to the same person. This is where terpenes come into play.

Terpenes are natural aroma compounds found in cannabis. They shape the smell of a strain and can remind you of citrus, pine, pepper, grapes, herbs or fuel. They are an important part of what gives a strain its character. In this article, you will learn why terpenes are an essential part of cannabis knowledge and why THC alone does not tell the whole story.

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